Journal of Modern Health and Rehabilitation Sciences
Welcome to Journal of Modern Health and Rehabilitation Sciences The Journal of Modern Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (JMHRS) is a multidisciplinary, open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed quarterly journal published by Circle Rehab and Research Center (SMC Pvt. Ltd.). JMHRS provides a global platform for cutting-edge research and innovation in health, medical sciences, and rehabilitation. Our mission is to advance evidence-based practices, bridge the gap between research and clinical application, and promote knowledge that enhances recovery, quality of life, and human well-being. ABOUT THE JOURNAL Title: Journal of Modern Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Journal Abbreviation: J. Mod. Health Rehabil. Sci. Frequency: Quarterly Managed and Published by: Circle Rehab and Research Center, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan ISSN no: 3079-0727 (Print) | 3079-0735 (Online) TYPES OF MANUSCRIPTS ACCEPTED The journal accepts:- (a) Guest Editorials on important subjects of current interest, (b) Original Articles, (c) Review Articles (Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis), (d) Case Reports, (e) Case Studies (f) Short Communications (g) Letters to the Editor
Copyright ©. Authors retain copyright and grant publishing rights to Journal of Modern Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (JMHRS).
Turning Ideas into Impact: A Practical Guide for Students and Early-Career Researchers
Background: Research is a fundamental component of scientific advancement, yet many students and early-career researchers face challenges in transforming ideas into publishable work due to limited training, methodological gaps, and increasing academic pressure. Objective: To provide a practical and structured roadmap for converting research ideas into impactful scientific publications. Methods: This editorial synthesizes key stages of the research process, including idea generation, identification of literature gaps, development of research objectives, selection of appropriate study design, data collection and analysis, ethical considerations, manuscript writing using the IMRaD format, and journal selection. Emphasis is placed on practical guidance, methodological rigor, and adherence to publication standards. Results: Effective research requires a well-defined and feasible idea aligned with available resources. Identification of literature gaps strengthens research rationale, while appropriate methodology and statistical analysis improve validity. Ethical compliance, structured writing, and proper journal selection enhance publication success. Lack of training, poor methodology, and non-adherence to guidelines remain major barriers to publication. Conclusion: A systematic, disciplined approach is essential for successful research dissemination. Institutional support through training and mentorship can significantly enhance research quality, integrity, and impact among emerging researchers. Keywords: Academic Writing, Early Career Researchers, Manuscript Writing, Research Methodology, Research Training, Scientific Publication
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prolonged Sitting, Cross-Legged Posture and Piriformis Syndrome in University-Aged Students: Evidence of Association from a Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Piriformis syndrome is an under-recognized neuromuscular condition associated with sciatic nerve irritation, often linked to prolonged sitting and poor posture among young adults. Objective: To determine the prevalence of piriformis syndrome and its association with sitting duration and cross-legged posture among university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to November 2024 among 198 students aged 18–26 years from multiple institutions in Swat, Pakistan. Participants were selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, the FAIR test for clinical diagnosis, and the Visual Analogue Scale for pain assessment. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, applying descriptive statistics and relationships between piriformis syndrome, the length of time spent sitting, and sitting posture were examined through cross-tabulations. Results: The mean age was 20.8±2.2 years, with 66.2% females. The prevalence of piriformis syndrome was 61.6% (95% CI: 54.7–68.3). Higher prevalence was observed in females (32.9%) than males (18.7%). Sitting >1 hour showed higher positivity (77.8%), while cross-legged posture was reported by 80.8% and strongly associated with symptoms. Moderate-to-severe pain (VAS 6–10) was reported by 77.7%. Conclusion: Increased Piriformis syndrome was highly prevalent and significantly associated with prolonged sitting and cross-legged posture, highlighting the need for ergonomic and preventive interventions in university settings. Keywords: Cross-legged sitting, Ergonomics, Musculoskeletal Pain, Piriformis Muscle Syndrome, Prolonged sitting, Posture, Sedentary Behavior
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Sanan Khan, Etisam Wahid, Shahzad Ahmad, Raja Haseeb Abid, Shaheen Abdullah, Shahid Khan, Azlan Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction in Postpartum Women
Background: Pregnancy related biomechanical and hormonal changes predispose women to sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunction, a significant contributor to postpartum low back and pelvic girdle pain. Objective: To determine the prevalence of sacroiliac joint dysfunction among postpartum women in tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 202 postpartum women (18–45 years) within 3–7 days after delivery. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale. SIJ dysfunction was assessed using five provocation tests (P4, FABER, March, Gaenslen’s, Compression), with diagnosis confirmed when ≥3 tests were positive. Descriptive analysis was performed using SPSS-25. Results: The prevalence of SIJ dysfunction was 51.2%. Low back pain was reported before (44.1%), during (75.7%), and after pregnancy (77.7%). The most positive tests were FABER (59.9%), Gaenslen’s (56.9%), and March test (52.5%), while Compression test (34.2%) was least positive. Pain was predominantly dull (55.9%), with gradual onset (53.5%), and radiating pain in 35.1%. Cesarean delivery accounted for 76.2% of cases. Conclusion: Increased SIJ dysfunction is highly prevalent in early postpartum women, emphasizing the need for routine screening and early physiotherapy interventions to prevent chronic disability. Keywords: Cesarean Section, Low Back Pain, Pelvic Girdle Pain, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction, Visual Analog Scale.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahroze Tauseef, Arooj Asif, Humna Ashraf, Rabbia Khan, Nimra Siddiq, Muneeba Mobeen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association of Socio-Emotional Competency and Self-Efficacy: A Cross Sectional Study Among Undergraduate Nursing Students
Background: Socio-emotional competence and self-efficacy are essential determinants of nursing students’ personal development, clinical performance, and ability to adapt to professional challenges. Understanding their association can guide educational strategies aimed at improving emotional regulation, confidence, and academic success. Objective: To determine the association between socio-emotional competence and self-efficacy among undergraduate nursing students in Hayatabad, Peshawar. Methods: An analytical cross sectional study was conducted from October 2024 to January 2025 across three nursing institutions: Khyber Medical University Institute of Nursing Sciences, Northwest College of Nursing, and Pak International Nursing College. Using convenient random sampling, 215 students from the 2nd to 8th semesters were included, while 1st semester students were excluded. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire comprising the 25 item socio-emotional Competence Scale (Cronbach α = 0.95) and the 10 item General Self-Efficacy Scale (Cronbach α = 0.88). Scores were categorized as high or low based on the median, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 28 with chi square and Pearson correlation test. Results: The sample included 54.9% males and 45.1% females. The mean socio-emotional competence score was 78.45 (SD = 8.35) and the mean self-efficacy score was 32.49 (SD = 4.14). A significant positive correlation was found between socio-emotional competence and self-efficacy (r = 0.561, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that higher socio-emotional competence is significantly associated with higher self-efficacy among nursing students, indicating that emotional and social skills are vital for confidence and effective academic and clinical functioning. Keywords: Academic Performance, Nursing Education, Self-Efficacy, Socio-Emotional Competence, Undergraduate Nursing Students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Afnan Ullaha, Shakeela, Fawad Ali Mian, Sanaullah, Saifullah Khan, Ikram ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Antibiotic Resistance Profile and blaOXA-23 Sequence Analysis in Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of healthcare associated infections, particularly in intensive care units, and exhibits extensive resistance to multiple antibiotic classes including carbapenems. Objective: To determine the antibiotic resistance profile, biofilm formation, and prevalence of the blaOXA-23 gene among A. baumannii isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 150 clinical specimens (pus, sputum, and blood) were collected from the surgical ICU over a three month period. Isolates were identified using API-20E, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Sanger sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method in accordance with CLSI (2023) standards. Biofilm formation was quantified using the microtiter plate assay. Detection and sequence analysis of blaOXA-23 were conducted through PCR amplification and phylogenetic comparison with regional strains. Results: Out of 150 samples, 50 (33.3%) yielded A. baumannii. Twenty isolates (40%) demonstrated biofilm formation, and 19/20 (95%) of these carried blaOXA-23. Overall, blaOXA-23 was present in 19/50 (38%) isolates. Complete resistance (100%) was observed to meropenem and cephradine, while imipenem and amikacin resistance reached 75%. One XDR isolate harboring blaOXA-23 showed 96–98% genetic similarity with regional sequences. Conclusion: The high frequency of blaOXA-23 among biofilm-forming A. baumannii isolates underscores an alarming trend in carbapenem resistance and necessitates stringent infection control practices and antibiotic stewardship in tertiary care settings. Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, blaOXA-23, Biofilm, Carbapenem Resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mubbara Babar, Mirza Muhammad Suleman, Naureen Zahra , Huma Naveed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perception of Patients on Rehabilitation Practices after Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Qualitative Exploratory Study
Background: Rehabilitation after hip and knee arthroplasty is essential for restoring mobility, function, and quality of life. Patients’ perceptions of these rehabilitation practices significantly influence adherence, satisfaction, and overall recovery outcomes. Objective: The study aimed to explore patients perceptions of rehabilitation practices following hip and knee arthroplasty procedures. Methods: A qualitative, phenomenological, and exploratory design was adopted. Data were collected through in depth, face to face interviews using a self-developed questionnaire. Six participants undergoing rehabilitation after hip or knee arthroplasty were recruited from Pakistan Railways Hospital, Rawalpindi. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using ATLAS.ti 8 software. Through systematic coding, one overarching theme patient satisfaction and four subthemes were identified: physiotherapist behavior and counseling, adherence to a structured rehabilitation protocol, addressing patients’ concerns, and overall rehabilitation experience. Results: Participants expressed a high degree of satisfaction and psychological dependence on their physiotherapists. Those who underwent hip arthroplasty reported slightly higher satisfaction compared to knee arthroplasty patients. Despite positive perceptions, issues such as inconsistent communication, care coordination gaps, and varying therapist attitudes were highlighted as areas needing improvement. Conclusion: Patients perceptions of rehabilitation following total hip and knee arthroplasty revealed that communication, therapist empathy, patient engagement, social support, and perceived recovery barriers shape their overall rehabilitation experience. Integrating these insights into physiotherapy protocols can enhance patient centered care, improve adherence, and promote better postoperative outcomes. Keywords: Arthroplasty, Perception, Physiotherapy, Postoperative Period, Rehabilitation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Um e Habiba , Sidra Asghar, Jassia Ramzan Malik, Kaynat Mehrban, Ayesha Sadiqqa, Amreen Shabir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity Among University Students: A Qualitative Approach
Background: Regular physical activity is essential for preventing chronic diseases and maintaining musculoskeletal and metabolic health; however, university students frequently develop sedentary habits due to academic demands, prolonged screen time, and limited opportunities for structured exercise. Objective: To identify and quantify barriers preventing regular exercise among university students. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 673 university students (362 females and 311 males) from four universities in Faisalabad, Pakistan, selected using simple random sampling. Eligible participants were those who did not engage in regular exercise. Data were collected using a demographic form and a validated, customized Barriers to Exercise Participation questionnaire. Ethical standards were maintained through informed consent and strict confidentiality. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics and chi square tests to examine gender based associations. Results: The most prominent barriers included exhaustion after academic or work related activities (39.8 percent very likely), lack of time (28.2 percent very likely), and insufficient motivation (12.5 percent very likely). Social influences, such as inactive friends and family members (72.7 percent somewhat likely), as well as structural constraints like lack of facilities (39.8 percent very likely) and financial limitations (39.8 percent very likely), also contributed. A significant association between gender and overall perceived barriers was observed (p = 0.000). Conclusion: University students encountered multiple personal, social, and environmental barriers to regular physical activity, with clear gender specific differences. Strengthening institutional support and developing targeted health promotion strategies may improve exercise participation and support long term student wellbeing. Keywords: Barriers, Exercise Participation, Gender Differences, Physical Activity, University Students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samraiz Mughal, Hooria Tayyab, Hira Younas, Ansa Ijaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lack of Expert Research Mentorship and Publication Culture among Undergraduate Physical Therapy Programs in Pakistan
Dear Editor, I wish to bring attention to a glaring void in the undergraduate physical therapy education system in Pakistan; the absence of structured research mentorship and a stagnant culture of scientific publication among Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. While research projects or theses are formally required components of the curriculum, the actual implementation of research training is fragmented, superficial, and in many institutions, purely procedural. In an era where evidence-based practice (EBP) defines clinical excellence and professional credibility, the inability of our students to conduct meaningful research, engage in critical thinking, or contribute to scientific literature places our profession at a serious disadvantage both locally and internationally.
Copyright (c) 2025 Etisam Wahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Frequency of Neck Pain Along with Postural Deviation and Thumb Pain Among Smartphone Users in Engineering Universities
Background: Excessive smartphone use has been associated with musculoskeletal and postural problems, particularly among young adults. Engineering students represent a high-risk group due to prolonged screen exposure. Objective: To determine the frequency of neck pain, postural deviation, and thumb pain among engineering university students with heavy smartphone use. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 373 participants (218 males, 155 females; aged 20–25 years) recruited through purposive sampling from five engineering universities in Karachi. Inclusion criteria required smartphone use for more than 4 hours daily. Data were collected using validated tools: the Neck Disability Index (NDI), the Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire (CHDQ), and the REEDco posture assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Pearson correlation coefficient was applied, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Neck pain was reported by 67.8% of participants, with 45.3% showing mild disability, 17.4% moderate disability, 4.8% severe disability, and 0.3% complete disability. Thumb pain was present in 21.2%, and forward head posture in 32.2%. Mean scores (95% CI) were: NDI 9.31 (8.53–10.10), CHDQ 17.44 (14.21–20.67), and REEDco 81.00 (79.64–82.36). NDI and CHDQ demonstrated a significant positive correlation (r = 0.308, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Smartphone overuse among engineering students was strongly associated with neck disability and thumb pain, highlighting the need for ergonomic education and preventive healthcare strategies to reduce long-term musculoskeletal risks. Keywords: Ergonomics, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Neck Disability Index, Posture, Smartphone Addiction, Text Neck, Thumb Pain, University Students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashmala Khan, Rizwan Ali Shah, Rida Noor Khan, Zoha Shoaib, Zainab Wara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Effects of Fascial Distortion Model and Foam Rolling on Pain, Calf Flexibility and Ankle Range of Motion Among High Heel Users: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Background: Prolonged high-heel use is associated with calf muscle tightness, reduced ankle dorsiflexion, and pain, leading to functional limitations. Effective interventions such as the Fascial Distortion Model (FDM) and foam rolling are increasingly used in musculoskeletal rehabilitation, but their comparative efficacy remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate and compare the effects of FDM and foam rolling on pain, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), and functional performance among habitual high-heel users. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 30 female participants (age 18–26 years; BMI 21–37 kg/m²). Participants were randomly assigned to either the FDM group (n=15) receiving manual therapy (Trigger Band and Cylinder Distortion techniques) or the foam rolling group (n=15). Both interventions were administered twice weekly for 4 weeks, following a standardized baseline calf stretching protocol. Pain was assessed with the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), ankle ROM with a goniometer, and functional dorsiflexion with the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test (WBLT). Results: Among Both interventions produced significant improvements across time points (p<0.001). At week 4, foam rolling showed superior outcomes compared to FDM: NPRS (3.80±0.77 vs. 4.40±0.73), ROM (18.60±1.05 vs. 14.20±1.52), and WBLT (16.36±0.21 vs. 10.22±0.70). Between-group differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Increased FDM and foam rolling are both effective in reducing calf-related pain and enhancing ankle dorsiflexion among habitual high-heel users. Foam rolling, however, demonstrated greater improvements in pain reduction, ROM, and functional performance, supporting its use as a practical and effective intervention in clinical and athletic settings. Keywords: Ankle Dorsiflexion, Fascial Distortion Model, Foam Rolling, Gait, Footwear, Rehabilitation, Myofascial Release, Pain Management, Range Of Motion, Weight-Bearing Lunge Test
Copyright (c) 2025 Hira Mannan, Ifza Fatima, Soha Naeem, Mariam Zaidi, Mahnoor Maqqadas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Mental Flow and Reflex Respense Through Muscle Memory Training in Boxing and Badminton Athletes
Background: Mental flow and reflex efficiency are essential for peak performance in high-speed sports such as boxing and badminton. Muscle memory, developed through repetitive training, may support the automaticity required to access flow states and reduce reaction latency. Objective: To examine the impact of an integrated muscle memory and cognitive training program on reflex response and mental flow state in university-level boxing and badminton athletes. Methods: A total of 30 athletes (mean age 24.2 ± 1.69 years) participated in an 8-week intervention combining sport-specific movement repetition, visualization, mindfulness meditation, and reaction time drills. Flow state was assessed using the Flow State Scale (FSS), and reflex performance was measured using the Ruler Drop Test (RDT). Paired-sample t-tests and confidence intervals were computed using SPSS v25. Results: Post-intervention RDT scores significantly improved (mean difference: 2.29 ms; 95% CI: 2.10– 2.48; p = 0.000), while FSS scores showed a marked increase (mean difference: –2.40; 95% CI: –2.52 to – 2.27; p = 0.000), confirming enhanced flow and reflex efficiency. Conclusion: Muscle memory training comprising targeted reaction time drills, mindfulness techniques, and sport-specific reflex exercises effectively enhanced both reflex response and mental flow states in university level boxing and badminton athletes. Keywords: Athletic Performance, Attention, Badminton, Boxing, Cognitive Training, Flow State, Motor Skills, Muscle Memory, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reflex Training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Basit Ali, Anayat Ali, Abdul Waheed , Hasnain Ishaq, Fatima Tahir, Muhammad Qamar Idrees, Ijaz Ahmed khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Correlation of Maximal Respiratory Pressures with Pulmonary Function in Post-COVID-19 Patients
Background: Post-COVID-19 patients frequently experience impaired respiratory muscle strength and reduced lung function, which may not be fully detected through spirometry alone. Objective: To investigate the correlation between maximal respiratory pressures specifically maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) with pulmonary function parameters measured with spirometric parameters (FVC and FEV1) in individuals recovering from COVID-19 before and after pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 25 post-COVID-19 patients who completed a structured pulmonary rehabilitation program. Respiratory muscle strength was assessed using MIP and MEP, while lung function was measured via spirometry (FVC and FEV1), both pre- and post-rehabilitation. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the associations between MIP-FVC and MEP-FEV1. Data collection followed ethical standards and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25. Results: Pre-rehabilitation, MIP and FVC were weakly correlated (r = 0.244, p = 0.239), and MEP and FEV1 showed no significant correlation (r = –0.175, p = 0.402). Post-rehabilitation, MIP correlated moderately with FVC (r = 0.553, p = 0.004), and MEP strongly with FEV1 (r = 0.697, p < 0.001), indicating substantial functional improvements. Conclusion: Pulmonary rehabilitation enhances respiratory muscle strength and its relationship with pulmonary function, supporting MIP and MEP as sensitive indicators of post-COVID-19 respiratory recovery. Keywords: COVID-19, Forced Expiratory Volume, Muscle Strength, Pulmonary Function Tests, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Pulmonary Ventilation, Respiratory Function Tests, Respiratory Muscle Training, Respiratory Muscles, Vital Capacity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Chandra Widjanantie, Maria A Dwiarti Kartika Harinaningtyas, Nury Nusdwinuringtyasa, Erlina Burhan, Wiwien Heru Wiyono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sleep Quality, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Caregivers of Children with Disabilities
Background: Caring for children with developmental disabilities places significant emotional and physical strain on caregivers, often leading to poor sleep and compromised mental health. Objective: To assess and compare sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress levels among mothers of children with developmental disabilities versus mothers of typically developing children. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child Health and PSRD, Lahore. A total of 420 participants were recruited using convenience sampling: 210 mothers of children with developmental disabilities and 210 mothers of typically developing children. Standardized tools Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-42 (DASS-42) were used to assess sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 with descriptive statistics and Mann–Whitney U test; p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: Mothers of children with disabilities reported significantly higher sleep index scores (60.40 ± 10.83) compared to mothers of typically developing children (50.56 ± 6.49; p < 0.001). Stress scores were also higher (28.60 ± 7.71 vs. 25.86 ± 4.33; p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in depression (p = 0.411) and anxiety (p = 0.242). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that mothers of children with developmental disabilities experience significantly poor sleep quality and higher stress levels compared to mothers of typically developing children, while differences in depression and anxiety were not statistically significant. Keywords: Anxiety, Caregivers, Developmental Disabilities, Depression, Mental Health, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Social Support, Stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Adnan, Ramma Inam, Aisha Farid, Aqsa Noor, Nudrat Fatima, Kashaf Saleem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying the Most Susceptible Rotator Cuff Muscle in Amateur Boxers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Rotator cuff injuries are prevalent in overhead and contact sports like boxing, where repetitive upper limb movements lead to overuse and trauma-related pathologies. Objective: To identify the most commonly affected rotator cuff muscle among amateur boxers using clinical functional assessment. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 184 amateur boxers aged 18–30 years from UFC gyms and university sports departments in Lahore, Pakistan. Participants had at least two years of consistent boxing experience. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) questionnaire was administered to assess shoulder pain and function. Physical assessments included the Drop Arm Test, Infraspinatus Test, Hornblower’s Sign, and Gerber’s Lift-Off Test, each targeting a specific rotator cuff muscle. Sensitivity and specificity of each test were considered. Descriptive statistics were performed using SPSS v25. Results: Out of 184 boxers, 152 were male (82.6%) and 32 female (17.4%), with a mean age of 22.98 ± 3.51 years. Supraspinatus was the most affected muscle, with 72 participants (39.1%) testing positive via Drop Arm Test. Infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor followed with 38.0%, 36.9%, and 26.1% involvement, respectively. Moderate to severe shoulder pain was reported by 77.2% of boxers. Conclusion: Supraspinatus tears are the most prevalent rotator cuff injury in amateur boxers, emphasizing the need for early screening, preventive rehabilitation, and shoulder-strengthening protocols in boxing training programs. Keywords: Athletic Injuries, Boxing, Pain Measurement, Physical Examination, Rotator Cuff Injuries, Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, Shoulder Injuries, Shoulder Joint, Sports, Supraspinatus, Tears
Copyright (c) 2025 Azka Amjad, Hira Shafiq, Fatima Younas, Muhammad Haroon Ur Rahman, Muhammad Asim Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Osteopathic Manual Therapy Versus Conventional Conservative Therapy in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders
Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of musculoskeletal conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures, leading to pain, restricted jaw movement, and impaired quality of life. Conventional conservative therapies, including pharmacological management, physical therapy, and occlusal splints, are widely used but may not provide long-term relief. Osteopathic manual therapy (OMT) has gained attention as a complementary approach, focusing on musculoskeletal alignment, soft tissue release, and neuromuscular re-education to address the root causes of TMD. Objective: This short communication compares the effectiveness of OMT and conventional conservative therapies in TMD management, highlighting their respective benefits in pain relief, functional improvement, and patient outcomes. Methods: A narrative analysis of existing clinical evidence and treatment principles was conducted, examining the mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of both approaches. OMT techniques such as myofascial release, balanced ligamentous tension, and craniosacral therapy were compared with pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and occlusal splints in terms of symptom relief, functional restoration, and long-term efficacy. Conclusion: Both OMT and conventional conservative therapies offer valuable options for TMD management. OMT may provide additional benefits by addressing underlying musculoskeletal dysfunctions and offering longer-lasting relief. Integrating OMT with conventional treatments could optimize therapeutic outcomes. Further research is needed to establish standardized treatment protocols. Keywords: Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment, Myofascial Release, Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome, Physical Therapy Modalities, Pain Management, Musculoskeletal Manipulations
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome
Copyright (c) 2025 SHUJAATRAHMAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of Hand Function and Grip Strength in Male and Female Hand Weavers
Background: Hand weaving is a labor-intensive occupation that demands prolonged repetitive hand use, predisposing workers to musculoskeletal strain and reduced grip strength. Gender differences in grip strength and hand function among weavers have not been comprehensively studied in South Asia. Objective: To compare hand grip strength and hand function between male and female hand weavers and to identify predictors of functional disability. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 377 participants (246 males, 131 females) recruited from vocational training institutes in Pakistan between November 2022 and February 2023. Eligible participants were aged 24–36 years, with ≥3 years of weaving experience and ≥5 working hours per day. Hand grip strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer, and hand function was assessed using the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) questionnaire and data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Males exhibited significantly higher grip strength compared to females (38.4 ± 6.2 kg vs. 27.1 ± 5.8 kg, p < 0.001). Females reported higher disability with PRWE pain (24.6 ± 8.1 vs. 18.5 ± 7.3, p < 0.01), function (41.3 ± 13.2 vs. 32.7 ± 12.4, p < 0.01), and total score (65.9 ± 18.1 vs. 51.2 ± 16.5, p < 0.001). Regression analysis identified gender as the strongest predictor of both outcomes, while higher BMI was associated with stronger grip and lower disability (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Male weavers demonstrated superior grip strength and functional outcomes compared to females, who showed greater exposure to musculoskeletal disability. Ergonomic interventions and preventive strategies are warranted to reduce occupational strain among hand weavers. Keywords: Ergonomics, Gender Differences, Hand Strength, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Occupational Health, Textile Industry, Weaving Industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiran Fatima, Fariha Javed, Iqra Abdul Ghafoor, Rubab Ashiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Water Aerobics on Aerobic Capacity of Endurance Training Athletes
Background: Water aerobics is a low-impact, high-resistance form of exercise that has gained recognition for its potential benefits in endurance training. The buoyancy and resistance properties of water reduce joint stress while enhancing cardiovascular efficiency, making it a viable alternative to traditional land-based training for endurance athletes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an eight-week water aerobics intervention on the aerobic capacity of endurance-trained athletes using the 3-minute step test and the Cooper Run Test. Methods: A total of 30 male endurance athletes (mean age: 21.8 ± 2.35 years, BMI: 23.17 ± 3.77 kg/m²) were recruited through simple random sampling. Participants completed an eight-week water aerobics program, consisting of five sessions per week, each lasting 60 minutes at 60–70% of their maximum heart rate. Pre- and post-intervention aerobic capacity was assessed using the 3-minute step test and Cooper Run Test. Paired sample t-tests were conducted using SPSS 25, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The 3-minute step test showed a significant reduction in post-exercise heart rate from 120.73 ± 9.55 bpm to 117.93 ± 9.37 bpm (p < 0.001). The Cooper Run Test distance significantly increased from 2290.00 ± 138.24 m to 2308.50 ± 138.75 m (p < 0.001). These findings indicated enhanced cardiovascular efficiency and endurance performance following water aerobics training. Conclusion: This study found that an eight-week water aerobics intervention significantly improved endurance athletes aerobic capacity, enhancing 3-minute step test and Cooper Run Test performance. Keywords: Aquatic Exercise, Athletes, Athletic Performance, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Exercise Therapy, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Physiological Adaptation, Exercise, Water Immersion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samina Saif, Basit Ali, Muhammad Bilal Kamran, Ayesha Rehman, Zareef Sultana, Aisha Sahar, Ijaz Ahmed Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Tailors in Saddar, Peshawar: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) pain are common among occupations requiring repetitive manual tasks and sustained postures, particularly in informal sectors such as tailoring. Objective: To determine the frequency and distribution of WMSDs pain among tailors in the Saddar area of Peshawar and assess associated occupational risk. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 involving 313 male tailors aged 18–40 years using non-probability convenience sampling. Data were collected through the modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire in both English and Urdu. Inclusion criteria required a work duration of 1–10 hours daily for six days weekly. Individuals with trauma, recent surgeries, or pregnancy were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with chi-square tests used to assess associations (p < 0.05). Results: Out of 313 participants, 267 (85.3%) reported WMSDs pain. The most affected body regions were the shoulder (14.7%), elbow (13.4%), and upper back (10.5%). Significant associations were found between WMSDs pain and working ≥8 hours/day, as well as sitting and cross-legged postures (p < 0.05). Conclusion: WMSDs pain is highly common among tailors in Peshawar, emphasizing the need for ergonomic interventions, early screening, and worker health awareness to reduce occupational strain. Keywords: Ergonomics, Informal Employment, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Occupational Health, Repetitive Strain Injury, Tailoring, Work-Related Disorders
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahzad Ahmad, Sadaf Aamir, Farhad Gul, Etisam Wahid, Muhammad Sanan Khan, Abbas Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Utilization of Occupational Therapists in Mental Health Settings in Lahore, Pakistan
Background: Occupational therapists (OTs) play a vital role in multidisciplinary mental health teams worldwide, yet their utilization in low-resource contexts such as Pakistan remains poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the employment, awareness, and perceptions of occupational therapy in mental health facilities across Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted over three months among 41 mental health facilities selected through random sampling. Facilities serving neurological, psychological, and psychiatric conditions were included, excluding those limited to physical disabilities. Data were collected using a structured, validated questionnaire adapted from a U.S. study, with expert review. Structured interviews were conducted with administrators or designated spokespersons. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 with descriptive and comparative statistics. Results: Occupational therapists were employed in only 8 of 10 pediatric facilities (80.0%) and in none of the 31 adult facilities (0.0%). Awareness of OT roles was limited (34.1%), and only 14.6% of facilities considered hiring OTs. Extended service domains such as program development (p < 0.05), staff training (p < 0.05), and case management (p < 0.01) were significantly more common in facilities employing OTs. Conclusion: The utilization of OTs in Lahore’s mental health facilities was minimal, restricted to pediatric services, and hindered by low awareness, overlapping professional roles, and lack of institutional support. Strengthening OT integration has important implications for improving functional rehabilitation and holistic patient care in Pakistan. Keywords: Adult Mental Health, Awareness, Case Management, Mental Health Facilities, Occupational Therapy, Pakistan, Pediatric Mental Health, Rehabilitation, Workforce Utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nudrat Fatima, Ramsha Khan, Ramma Inam, Muhammad Hussnain Maqsood, Kashaf Saleem, Madiha Maqsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Computer Vision Syndrome on the Quality of Life of Office Workers
Background: With the widespread use of digital devices in office settings, computer vision syndrome (CVS) has emerged as a common occupational health concern, potentially affecting workers' physical and mental well-being. Objective: To determine the impact of computer vision syndrome on the quality of life among office workers in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 166 office workers selected through purposive sampling. Participants aged 15–50 years, using computers for at least 6 hours daily for a minimum of six months, were included. Data were collected using the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) and the SF-36 Health Survey. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Frequencies, percentages, means, and cross-tabulations were reported, and chi-square tests were applied to assess associations. Results: Among participants, 43.4% had severe CVS, 39.2% moderate, and 17.5% mild. Most reported poor physical functioning (99.4%) and limitations in role-physical domains (91.6%). Despite severe symptoms, 48.2% reported above-average mental health and 34.3% excellent emotional role functioning. Conclusion: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) significantly affects the physical health of office workers but has a comparatively lesser impact on mental and emotional domains. Ergonomic interventions and digital hygiene practices are essential to improve quality of life. Keywords: Computer Vision Syndrome, Eye Strain, Occupational Health, Office Workers, Quality of Life, Visual Ergonomics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eliza Awais, Samara Shaukat, Iqra Ejaz, Muhammad Abubaker Tariq, Saboor Naveed, Iqra Ikram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association Between Sleep Pattern and Screen Time in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition often accompanied by sleep disturbances and elevated screen exposure, both of which can negatively impact behavioral and emotional health. Objective: To determine the association between screen time and sleep patterns in children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the PSRD Occupational Therapy Department. A total of 280 children aged 3–15 years with confirmed ASD diagnoses were included through non-probability sampling. Children with comorbidities or additional physical conditions were excluded. The Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), along with structured questions on screen use, was administered to parents after obtaining informed consent. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Statistics including chi- square tests were used to examine associations, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Among 280 participants, 54.3% were male and 45.7% female. Most children used smartphones (58.2%), and screen use was highest in the evening (41.9%). A significant association was found between total screen time and sleep disturbances (χ2=96.055, p<0.001). Significant relationships were also observed for screen use duration on holidays (p<0.001) and weekdays (p=0.052), and time of day of screen use (p<0.001). Conclusion: Increased screen time was significantly associated with disturbed sleep patterns in children with ASD. Parental regulation of digital media use may mitigate sleep-related difficulties in this population. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Exposure to Media, Sleep, Sleep Disorders, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Sleep Wake Disorders, Video Display Terminals.
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Copyright (c) 2025 Aqsa Noor, Ramma Inam, Nudrat Fatima, Kashaf Saleem, Muhammad Adnan, Madiha Maqsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Interns in Allied Health Sciences
Background: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a prevalent mental health condition characterized by excessive worry and physiological symptoms, significantly impacting professional performance and quality of life. Interns in Allied Health Sciences (AHS) face high psychological stress due to workload, financial concerns, job insecurity, and disrupted sleep patterns, increasing their susceptibility to GAD. Objective: To determine the prevalence of GAD among AHS interns and assess the impact of socio- demographic factors on anxiety levels. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 AHS interns in hospitals and clinical setups in Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, including socio-demographic variables and the validated Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. The severity of GAD was categorized into minimal, mild, moderate, and severe. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, with chi-square tests applied to assess associations (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder among interns was 92 (41.8%), while 128 (58.2%) had no GAD. Among those affected, 18.6% experienced minimal anxiety, 39.5% mild anxiety, 33.2% moderate anxiety, and 8.6% severe anxiety. Significant associations were identified between GAD and various socio-demographic factors, including workload (p = 0.002), financial concerns (p < 0.001), job insecurity (p = 0.001), sleep deprivation (p < 0.001), accommodation (p = 0.016), and part-time work (p = 0.050). However, gender, marital status, and training duration did not show significant correlations. Conclusion: A high prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder was observed among AHS interns, with workload, financial stress, and job insecurity as major contributors. Institutional strategies are needed to mitigate anxiety and enhance mental well-being in future healthcare professionals. Keywords: Anxiety Disorders, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Healthcare Personnel, Interns and Residents, Occupational Stress, Socioeconomic Factors, Psychological Stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahnoor Ijaz, Gul-E-Sehar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical Spectrum and Frequency of Congenital Heart Diseases in Children with Down Syndrome at the Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology
Background: Children with Down’s syndrome are highly predisposed to congenital heart defects (CHDs), which significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality. Early identification of these defects is crucial for effective management and improved survival outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to determine the frequency and pattern of various congenital heart defects among children with Down’s syndrome presenting to a tertiary cardiology center. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology at the Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faisalabad. Fifty eight phenotypically confirmed children with Down’s syndrome, aged from birth to 13 years, were included using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. After thorough clinical evaluation and history taking, all participants underwent transthoracic two dimensional echocardiography, and findings were recorded on a structured preforma. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, and results were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Results: Congenital heart defects were detected in 29 out of 58 patients (50%), including 16 males and 13 females (male-to-female ratio 1.2:1). Acyanotic lesions were more prevalent (79.3%) than cyanotic lesions (20.7%). The most common isolated defects were ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and complete atrioventricular septal defect (each 20.7%), followed by atrial septal defect (3.4%) and pulmonary atresia (3.4%). Conclusion: Half of the children with Down’s syndrome in this study had congenital heart defects, most frequently acyanotic lesions such as ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and complete atrioventricular septal defect. Routine echocardiographic screening is essential for early detection and timely intervention. Keywords: Acyanotic heart disease, Atrioventricular septal defect, Congenital heart defects, Down syndrome, Echocardiography, Patent ductus arteriosus, Ventricular septal defect.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Usama, Major Tahira Naseem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence of Migraine and Associated Disability Among Auto-Rickshaw Drivers in Lahore During Summer
Background: Migraine is a prevalent, disabling neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of moderate to severe headache, often accompanied by sensory disturbances such as photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. Occupational stress and environmental triggers significantly contribute to migraine prevalence, particularly in high-risk populations like auto-rickshaw drivers who are exposed to extreme environmental conditions during summers. Objective: To assess the prevalence of migraine and the extent of migraine-related disability among auto-rickshaw drivers in Lahore during the summer season. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 169 male auto-rickshaw drivers aged 18 years and above in Lahore. Participants were recruited using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, which included the ID Migraine™ screening tool, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain intensity, and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) for disability evaluation. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 25.0 with descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, considering p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of migraine was 18.9% (n=32). Among migraineurs, 59.4% experienced severe pain, 28.1% reported very severe pain, and 12.5% had moderate pain. Migraine-related disability was categorized as severe in 34.4%, moderate in 28.1%, mild in 15.6%, and little or no disability in 21.9% of cases. A positive family history of migraine was reported by 28.12% of migraineurs. Conclusion: Migraine is highly prevalent among auto-rickshaw drivers in Lahore during summers, with a significant proportion experiencing severe pain and disability. Occupational exposure to environmental stressors may exacerbate migraine prevalence and severity in this population. Keywords: Automobile Driving, Disability Evaluation, Migraine Disorders, Migraine Disability Assessment, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), Occupational Health, Prevalence, Pain Measurement
Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Momal Asif, Fariha Khalid, Zafar Ahmad Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence and Patterns of Femoral Neck Fractures in Road Traffic Accident Patients
Background: Femoral neck fractures are a common and severe consequence of road traffic accidents (RTAs), leading to significant morbidity and disability. Understanding their prevalence, demographic distribution, and fracture patterns is essential for optimizing trauma management and prevention strategies. Objective: To determine the prevalence, demographic distribution, and fracture patterns of femoral neck fractures among road traffic accident (RTA) patients. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Avicenna Hospital, Lahore, from May to October 2024. A total of 130 RTA patients with radiologically confirmed femoral neck fractures were included using purposive sampling. Data on demographics, mode of injury, and fracture classification were collected. Plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) were utilized for diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results: Out of 130 patients, 91 (70%) were male, and 39 (30%) were female. The highest prevalence was in the 20–40-year age group (67%). Intertrochanteric fractures were the most common (69.2%), followed by partial fractures (66.9%) and femoral stress fractures (65.4%). Motorcyclists and cyclists accounted for the majority of cases (44%). Conclusion: Femoral neck fractures were most prevalent in young male RTA victims, particularly motorcyclists and cyclists with intertrochanteric fractures being the most prevalent type of pattern. Early diagnosis and targeted prevention strategies are essential to reduce associated morbidity. Keywords: Epidemiology, Femoral Neck Fractures, Fractures, Computed Tomography, Hip Fractures, Morbidity, Orthopedic Trauma, Prevalence, Road Traffic Accident.
Copyright (c) 2025 Attia Batool, Huma Fatima , Sadaf Ayesha, Ramisha Rehmat, Baseerat Fatima, Manahil Saleem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sonographic Association Between Body Mass Index and Anterior Abdominal Wall Hernias: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Anterior abdominal wall hernias are a common surgical condition with significant morbidity, affecting approximately 4–5% of the global population. Increased body mass index (BMI) is hypothesized to contribute to hernia formation by elevating intra-abdominal pressure and weakening the abdominal wall. Despite its clinical importance, limited research has explored the general association between BMI and all types of anterior abdominal wall hernias. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between BMI and the occurrence of anterior abdominal wall hernias using sonographic assessment in a hospital-based population. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Radiology, Chughtai Medical Centre, Lahore, from March to September 2024. A total of 200 patients undergoing abdominal ultrasound were enrolled using a convenience sampling method. BMI was categorized into obese (>30 kg/m2) and non-obese (≤30 kg/m2). High-resolution ultrasound (Toshiba Aplio 300, 7–12 MHz linear probe) was used for hernia detection. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with chi-square tests applied for statistical associations. Results: Among 200 participants (mean age 52.36 ± 15.81 years, mean BMI 29.13 ± 4.49 kg/m2), 24 (12.0%) had anterior abdominal wall hernias. Paraumbilical hernias were most common (13 cases, 6.5%), followed by umbilical (6 cases, 3.0%), incisional (3 cases, 1.5%), and epigastric (2 cases, 1.0%). Hernia prevalence was higher in obese individuals (9.3% vs. 6.5%) and females (14.1% vs. 7.7%), but associations were not statistically significant (p = 0.6087, p = 0.1944, respectively). Conclusion: Increased BMI and advancing age were associated with a higher prevalence of anterior abdominal wall hernias, though statistical significance was not established. Sonographic evaluation remains an essential tool for accurate hernia diagnosis, particularly in obese individuals. Keywords: Abdominal Wall, Abdominal Wall Hernia, Body Mass Index, Hernia, Obesity, Sonography, Ultrasonography.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babar Ali, Muhammad Umar, Rashad Ali , Aqsa Aslam, Tayyaba Shafiq , Laraib Fatima, Eisha Riaz, Amtul Kafi, Javeria Nawab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Public's Knowledge of Renal Failure and its Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Kidney failure, encompassing acute and chronic conditions, poses significant public health challenges globally, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Limited public awareness and knowledge of its risk factors, symptoms, and treatments hinder early detection and effective management. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the public's knowledge of renal failure and its associated risk factors in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2024, involving 430 participants selected through convenience sampling. A structured, validated electronic questionnaire assessed socio-demographics, general knowledge, awareness of risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and treatments. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Out of 422 valid responses, 81.8% of participants demonstrated moderate knowledge of kidney failure, while 18.2% had no knowledge. Awareness of risk factors was reported by 77.3%, with diabetes (54.7%) and NSAIDs (51.4%) most commonly identified. Knowledge of treatment options was reported by 79.4%, though only 25.4% and 37.2% recognized dialysis and kidney transplants, respectively. Education, age, and urban residence significantly influenced awareness levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study identified notable gaps in knowledge about kidney failure and its associated factors among Sialkot population. Tailored educational interventions and public health strategies are essential to address these gaps and promote early detection. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Dialysis, Health awareness, Kidney failure, Kidney transplant, Public knowledge, Renal failure.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing the Impact of Stair Climbing Exercise on Endurance Performance in Athletes
Background: This study explores the impact of stair climbing exercise on endurance performance in athletes. It provides evidence for stair climbing as a potential endurance training modality. Objectives: To investigate the impact of stair climbing program on endurance performance in endurance athletes. Methods: A quasi-experimental study involving 30 endurance athletes was conducted, with participants assigned to an intervention group that completed an 8-week stair climbing program. Baseline data, including demographics and initial fitness levels, were collected using the 3-minute step test and Cooper run test. After the intervention, fitness levels were reassessed, and paired t-tests were performed for statistical analysis. Results: The intervention group showed significant improvements. The 3-minute step test mean performance improved from 120.73 (SD = 9.548) to 116.77 (SD = 9.383) (t(29) = 16.076, p < .000). Cooper run test mean distance increased from 2290.00 meters (SD = 138.240) to 2369.83 meters (SD = 137.028) (t(29) = -15.256, p < .000). Conclusion: Stair climbing exercise effectively enhances endurance performance in athletes, as evidenced by significant improvements in the 3-minute step test and Cooper run test. This highlights its potential as a valuable addition to endurance training programs. Keywords: Aerobic capacity, Endurance training, Exercise Therapy, Exercise Test, Fitness assessment, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Stair climbing
Prevalence of Forward Head Posture among School Children Using Smartphones in Rawalpindi
Background: Forward head posture (FHP) is a postural dysfunction characterized by the anterior displacement of the head relative to the vertical midline. The increasing use of smartphones has been implicated in the rising prevalence of FHP among schoolchildren. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of forward head posture among school going children in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and to assess its association with smartphone usage patterns. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in private schools in Rawalpindi from September 2023 to March 2024. A total of 270 participants, aged 10–15 years, were selected using non-probability convenience sampling. Craniovertebral angle (CVA) was measured using Kinovea software for forward head posture measurement after marking the C7 vertebra and capturing lateral-view images. Smartphone usage patterns were assessed through a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with results presented as frequencies, percentages, and mean ± SD. Results: The prevalence of forward head posture (CVA < 48°) was 88.5% (n=239), with males (88.5%) and females (88.6%) equally affected. Most participants (73%) used smartphones more than five days per week, and 91.5% had over two years of usage history. Conclusion: Forward head posture was highly prevalent among school children in Rawalpindi, strongly associated with prolonged smartphone use. Interventions targeting posture education are urgently needed. Keywords: Cervical Vertebrae, Craniovertebral Angle, Forward Head Posture, Mobile Phones, Posture, School Children, Smartphone Usage
Exploring the Impact of Cross-Leg Sitting on Hip Mobility in University Students
Background: Cross-legged sitting is a common posture, particularly among students, which may influence hip mobility. Prolonged sitting in this posture can affect hip joint movements, particularly internal and external rotation, as well as flexion and extension. The impact of this posture on hip mobility and range of motion remains underexplored. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of prolonged cross-legged sitting on hip mobility in university students, specifically examining changes in hip range of motion (ROM) including internal rotation, and external rotation. Methods: A total of 503 students from Government College University Faisalabad were randomly selected for this cross-sectional study. Participants were required to sit on wooden or plastic chairs without padded cushions, and their daily sitting duration in the cross-legged position was recorded. Hip range of motion (ROM) was measured using a goniometer, and a self-made questionnaire was validated through a pilot study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The majority of individuals exhibit reduced hip mobility in both internal and external rotations, with most falling into the 30-50 Moderate, Mild, Severe category. For right internal rotation, 96.22% show decreased mobility, while right external rotation has 82.71% in the same category. Similarly, left internal rotation and left external rotation show 60.68% and 49.70% in reduced mobility, respectively. Chi square test demonstrated significant associations, highlighting that cross-leg sitting is linked to reduced hip mobility in both internal and external rotations of the right and left hips. Conclusion: Prolonged cross-legged sitting negatively impacts hip mobility, especially hip internal rotation. Interventions to promote proper sitting posture are essential for maintaining hip joint health. Keywords: Cross Leg Syndrome, Flexibility, Hip Joint, Joint Mobility, Posture, Range of Motion, Sitting